As the new Cork Prison gets ready to open, Liz Dunphy examines the impact a prison sentence can have on the family and what measures can be taken to keep families connected.
CORK Prison is to officially open its new facility on February 12, and Governor Patrick Dawson aims to match the modern environment with a modern approach to governance.Good behaviour will grant additional privileges to prisoners, and families of prisoners will be facilitated to foster good relationships and, ultimately, divert people from crime.
![Prison Governor Patrick Dawson pictured in the new Cork Prison, Cork city. Pic Daragh Mc Sweeney/Provision]()
Prison Governor Patrick Dawson pictured in the new Cork Prison, Cork city.
Pic Daragh Mc Sweeney/Provision
“Families have not done anything wrong, so they do not deserve to be penalised. It’s important to foster and facilitate good relationships between prisoners and their families. Prison should be treated as a facility for intervention, from which prisoners can be released to live better lives,” he said.
“Six out of 10 male children of male prisoners will go on to offend. We’re here to do something about it and break that cycle. Enhancing the level of interaction between families and prisoners can help that.
“The idea is to normalise prison life as much as possible, so that prisoners can integrate into normal life post-release,” said Mr Dawson.
A new, three-tiered visiting system will be introduced. Prisoners who behave well will be permitted a relaxed, but supervised, ‘café-style’ visit.
Prisoners and their visitors will be allowed some physical contact, sitting in a bright room around coffee tables.
But if any security or behavioural problems are identified, the prisoners will be moved to another area for visits conducted across high tables, or through a screen, which will completely separate prisoner from visitors.
Mr Dawson said that visiting rights will be based on the security needs of individual prisoners.
“If a prisoner subverts the code of conduct, they will be moved to a more secure visiting area. We need to challenge prisoners, and their families, not to subvert that opportunity,” said Mr Dawson. He hopes to make Cork prison “more of a community” in which the skills and behaviour necessary to function successfully outside prison gates can be fostered, to reduce recidivism, increase social cohesion, and save the State the significant costs of incarceration.
Mr Dawson hopes to facilitate families by introducing evening visits, so that children can visit after school.
He also hopes to extend visiting hours to Sundays.
![21st January 2016... Prison govenor Pat Dawson in one of the cells in the new Cork prison Picture: Eddie O'Hare]()
Prison govenor Pat Dawson in one of the cells in the new Cork prison
Picture: Eddie O’Hare
Access to visits will depend on good behaviour, as will access to phone calls.
“The prison environment needs to be normalised, so that prisoners have a better chance of assimilating back into society,” he said.
“Loss of liberty is the key thing in prison. You have lost ready contact with your family, but by facilitating relationships, we can try to give prisoners something to go back out to,” he said.
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CHILDREN and families of prisoners can be the hidden victims of the penal system, enduring a sentence despite having committed no crime, according to the Irish Penal Reform Trust.
They can face instability, disruption of the parent-child bond, violence, feelings of guilt, fear, shame, and stigmatisation.
However, according to NGO Children of Prisoners in Europe, a child’s life does not have to be negatively impacted by having a parent in prison, and certain policies can reduce risk.
A paradigm shift is slowly but steadily permeating the prison service; new approaches are being adopted in a bid to reduce both recidivism and negative impacts on children and families of prisoners, the effects of which can further fragment society.
Dr Fiona Donson is a law lecturer at UCC, she is currently researching the rights of children affected by parental imprisonment.
Research indicates that children whose parents have been in prison are more likely to follow them behind locked gates.
Figures quoted in the UK and the US indicate that 60-65% of children whose parents have been in prison will also offend.
Dr Donson said that it is not clear why that is, but what is clear is that children are likely to have poorer outcomes generally regarding education, health, mental health, social status, and social justice. Having a parent in prison tends to produce poorer situations and options for children.
Children can also be exposed to criminal dealings, so that criminal behaviour and prison life are normalised.
“Prison affects families on multiple levels,” said Dr Donson.
“The child can experience bullying and the stigmatisation of having a parent in prison can be huge. They can experience high stress levels and increased likelihood of mental health problems. Currently, schools are not geared up to deal with these children’s increased needs. It can affect their health, push them into poverty, and disconnect them emotionally,” said Dr Donson.
Research indicates that openness and honesty with children can reduce prison’s negative impacts.
“Children can be very fearful, imagining that their parent is locked up in a scary, dark dungeon; their imagination can be much worse than the reality, so bringing them to visit their parent is generally positive,” said Dr Donson.
If the child is not told directly about their parent’s whereabouts they will often find out in the playground through peers. Dr Donson has heard of cases where the child has Googled their parent’s case after being told about it by peers and uncovered details online which have traumatised them.
Dr Donson identifies prison visits in austere environments where conversations must be condensed into short, contrived meetings across a divide as an environment unconducive to fostering healthy relationships.
“If a parent needs to be in prison, that is one thing, but that prisoner’s family has needs which must be taken into account.
“They did not break the law, and do not deserve to be punished.”
She said that visiting areas that are more family friendly can have a huge impact in keeping families connected, which benefits families, the prisoner, and wider society.
Research indicates that if family bonds are maintained, the offender is less likely to re-offend and will be more easily re-assimilated into society on release, and efforts will be made in Cork Prison to support this.
Dr Donson said that prisons must facilitate the needs of families. “Parents and their children should be allowed to touch, and be given more time, including one-on-one time.” Family-friendly visits have already saved a girl’s life in Scotland. The girl, whose mother was in prison reported that these visits saved her life, connecting her to her mother when she needed that support to pull through a difficult time.
“Families need support, and there are wider benefits for society when a prison model provides that. Prisoners are less likely to re-offend because they’ve been strengthening family bonds while in prison, and children are more likely to grow up feeling supported.”
Prisoners in the new Cork Prison will get extra and enhanced visiting rights, and a greater phone call allowance for good behaviour.
Although Dr Donson is very supportive of many of the family-centred changes due to be implemented in Cork Prison, she does not believe that the quality of parent-child contact should depend on that parent’s behaviour.
“The reality is that children should be allowed access to their parents. It’s about establishing who the visits belong to,” said Dr Donson. “The management of the prison service have been open to engaging with these ideas, but it takes time and it requires a cultural shift,” she said.
“And it’s not only the parent’s absence in prison which can be detrimental to family life. Transitioning back to home life after prison can also be difficult.
“Both families and prisoners can be ‘frozen in time’, kids may be angry, and both children and parents can feel estranged after the separation and have difficulty re-connecting,” she said.
“Everyday families are being wrenched apart by a member being imprisoned, and the conflicting emotions of love/hate that they can experience. And the danger is that children end up being cared for people who they shouldn’t be.”
Dr Donson said that at any given time, approximately 5,000 children in Ireland have parents in prison.
She advocates an integrated national system for dealing with families of prisoners that engages all relevant agencies, including the probation service, TUSLA, the courts, the HSE, and social services.
And because these agencies are often already working with these children and vulnerable offenders, she believes that it would be readily achievable and would significantly improve outcomes for these families.